Tanilayici Dallanmis Agac Ornegi (Bilgisiayar Dersi-Bilgisyar Konusu)

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Generaton Of Computers-Classification Of Computers Based On Generation

CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS

  Computer can be classified using different methods such as : classification  based on generation , size , types or how they function , degree of versatility (purpose) and make or manufacturer.

COMMON METHODS  USED IN CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS

1       Classification based on generations

2       Classification based on types

3       Classification  based on size

4       Classification based on degree of versatility or purpose

5       Classification based on make ( manufacturer)

FIRST GENERATION COMPUTERS  (1940-1956)---(GROUP 1)

• The first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory.
• They were often enormous and taking up entire room.
• The UNIVAC and ENIAC computers are examples of first-generation computing devices.

·        The electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer (ENIAC)

·        ENIAC  was the first general purpose programmable computer.

SECOND GENERATION COMPUTERS (1956-1963)—(GROUP 2)

•         Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the second generation of computers.

•        Second-generation computers moved from cryptic binary machine language to symbolic.

•         High-level programming languages were also being developed at this time, such as early versions of COBOL and FORTRAN.

•        These were also the first computers that stored their instructions in their memory.

THIRD GENERATION COMPUTERS(GROUP 3)

•        The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third generation of computers.

•        Transistors were miniaturized and placed on siliconchips.

•        Allowed the device to run many different applications at one time.

•        Generation of computers

FOURTH GENERATION COMPUTERS(1971-PRESENT)(GROUP 4)

·        The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip.

·        From the central processing unit and memory to input/output controls—on a single chip.

·        Fourth generation computers also saw the development of the mouse and handheld  devices.

FIFTH GENERATION COMPUTERS  (PRESENT AND BEYOND)--(GROUP 5)

•        Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial intelligence.

•        The use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping to make artificial intelligence a reality.

•        The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-organization. 

USEFUL INFORMATION

·        Prof. J. V. Atanasoff made the earliest attempt to build an electronic computer in 1937.

·        ENIAC was developed BY John Presper Eckert and John W. Mauchly.

•        John von Neumann designed the Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer (EDVAC)

•        Random Access Memory (RAM) in 1945.

•        Universal  Automatic Computer  (UNIVAC ) was designed in1951.

•        Alan Turing designed the second early electronic machine for British Military in 1943 .
     
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Types Of Computers

Describe how a business selects which projects to work on when there are numerous projects that could be done.

       Develop a set of criteria against which the opportunity will be evaluated. These criteria will probably include both quantitative and qualitative factors. For example, if a pharmaceutical company is considering opportunities involving the development and introduction of several new products, it might evaluate each opportunity against the determined criteria such as; Alignment with company goals, Anticipated sales volume, increase in market share, Establishment of new markets, Anticipated retail price, Investment required. Estimated manufacturing cost per unit

Why is it important to select the right project before you begin working?

         It is important to select the right project between various alternatives because it is necesseray to select the project which will provide the gretaest benefits.As the company is going to invest it is time ,money and resources in to the project then it are important to select the right project.
        Project selection must be done by considering and evaluating all the possible projects.As different projects have different benefits , consequences ,advantages and disadvantage.

1. Why is it important to do a thorough and detailed job of needs identification?

   Needs identification is the initial phase of the project life cycle. It is important to thoroughly study the problem or opportunity in order to develop a quality RFP and/or quality solution and detailed job at this stage to identify the real needs of the company so time and resources are not wasted elsewhere.